Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
2010 Condition Report

Photo of a humpback whale under water

Acknowlegments

The Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary would like to acknowledge the assistance of Karen Fox of Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc., who was instrumental in developing the template for this document and providing the initial material under contract to NOAA. We appreciate the efforts of subject area experts who provided responses to questions that guided drafting of the "State of Sanctuary Resources" section of the report: Eric Brown (National Park Service), Suzanne Finney (Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation), Kelly Gleason (Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument), Rebecca Hommon (Regional Counsel Navy Region Hawai'i), Cindy Hunter (University of Hawai'i), Jeff Rosen (Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc.), Hans Van Tilburg (Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Pacific Islands Region), Jeff Walters (formerly with Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources and served as the sanctuary co-manager), Wendy Wiltse (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), and Paul Wong (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary; HIHWNMS).

The report benefited significantly from the following individuals, who either provided a preliminary review of the report or provided comments and data: Malia Chow (HIHWNMS), Suzanne Finney (Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation), Megan Forbes (NOAA Marine Debris Program), Alan Friedlander (Hawai'i Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, University of Hawai'i), June Harrigan-Lum (retired), Rebecca Hommon (U.S. Navy), Joey Lecky (HIHWNMS), Ed Lyman (HIHWNMS), Jonathan Martinez (Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Pacific Islands Region), Patty Miller (HIHWNMS), David Nichols (state co-manager, Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources), Terry O'Halloran (Change Strategies and Innovation), David Penn (Hawai'i Department of Health), Charlotte Schou (NOAA Office of Education, Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship Program, HIHWNMS), Hans Van Tilburg (Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Pacific Islands Region), Jeff Walters (NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service), and Paul Wong (HIHWNMS).

Our sincere thanks are also extended to the reviewers of this document: Dr. Robin W. Baird (Cascadia Research Collective), Dr. Cynthia Hunter (University of Hawai'i), Dr. Marc O. Lammers (Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology) and Dr. Adam A. Pack (University of Hawai'i at Hilo and The Dolphin Institute).

References

 

Angliss, R.P. and K.L. Lodge. 2003. Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Western North Pacific stock. In: NOAA's Alaska marine mammal stock assessments. Electronic document available.

Anthony, S.S., C.D. Hunt, A.M.D. Brasher, L.D. Miller, M.S. Tomlinson. 2004. Water quality on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, 1999-2001. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Circular 1239. USGS, Reston, Va. 37pp. Electronic document available.

Antonelis, G.A., D.W. Johnston, D.K. Mattila. 2007. Enhancement of tropical marine productivity through large whale migrations: Humpback whales on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. In: Proceedings of the 17th Biennial Conference on the Biology of the Marine Mammal Society. Capetown, South Africa.

Australia. 2005. Australia Progress Report on Cetacean Research, January 2005 to December 2005. Report to the 58th annual meeting of the international whaling commission. SC/58/Progrep Australia.

Calambokidis, J., G.H. Steiger, J.M. Straley, T.J. Quinn II, L.M. Herman, S. Cerchio, D.R. Salden, M. Yamaguchi, F. Sato, J. Urban, J. Jacobsen, O. von Ziegesar, K.C. Balcomb, C.M. Gabriele, M.E. Dahlheim, N. Higashi, S. Uchida, J.K.B. Ford, Y. Miyamura, P.L. de Guevara, S.A. Mizroch, L. Schlender, K. Rasmussen. 1997. Abundance and population structure of humpback whales in the N. Pacific Basin. Final Report to the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA 92038. 71pp. Electronic document available

Calambokidis, J., E.A. Falcone, T.J. Quinn, A.M. Burdin, P.J. Clapham, J.K.B. Ford, C.M. Gabriele, R. LeDuc, D. Mattila, L. Rojas-Bracho, J.M. Straley, B.L. Taylor, J. Urbán, D. Weller, B.H. Witteveen, M. Yamaguchi, A. Bendlin, D. Camacho, K. Flynn, A. Havron, J. Huggins, N. Maloney. 2008. SPLASH: structure of populations, levels of abundance and status of humpback whales in the North Pacific. Final report for Contract AB133F-03-RP-00078. Prepared by Cascadia Research for U.S. Department of Commerce, Western Administrative Center, Seattle, WA. 57pp.

Calambokidis, J. 2009. Introduction to SPLASH and overview of findings. In: Symposium on the results of the SPLASH humpback whale study; Final report and recommendations. Calambokidis, J. (Ed.). pp 7-9.

Campora, C.A., Y. Hokama, C. Tamaru, B. Anderson, D. Vincent. 2010. Evaluating the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning from reef fish grown at marine aquaculture facilities in Hawai'i. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 41(1):61-70.

Cerchio, S., J.K. Jacobsen, D.M. Cholewiak, E.A. Falcone, A. Merriwether. 2005. Paternity in humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae: Assessing polygyny and skew in male reproductive success. Animal Behaviour 70:267-277.

Chittleborough, R.G. 1965. Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 16:33-128.

Clapham, P.J. 1992. The attainment of sexual maturity in humpback whales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1470-1472.

Clapham, P.J. 1996. The social and reproductive biology of humpback whales: An ecological perspective. Mammal Review 26:27-49.

Clapham, P.J., S.B. Young, R.L. Brownell, Jr. 1999. Baleen whales: Conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations. Mammal Review 29:35-60.

Clapham, P. J. 2000. The humpback whale: Seasonal feeding and breeding in a baleen whale. In: Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Mann, J., R.C. Connor, P L. Tyack, H. Whitehead (Eds.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 173-196.

Craig, A. S. and L.M. Herman. 2000. Habitat preferences of female humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Hawaiian Islands are associated with reproductive status. Marine Ecology Progress Series 193:209-216.

Craig, A.S., L.M. Herman, A.A. Pack. 2001. Estimating residence times of humpback whales in Hawai'i. Report to the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Off of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce and Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i.

Craig, A.S., L.M. Herman, C.M. Gabriele, A.A. Pack. 2003. Migratory timing of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the central North Pacific varies with age, sex and reproductive status. Behaviour 140:981-1001.

Dailer, M.L., R.S. Knox, J.E. Smith, M. Napier, C.M. Smith. 2010. Using d15N values in algal tissue to map locations and potential sources of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on the island of Maui, Hawai'i, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 60, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 655-671.

Darling, J.D., M.E. Jones, C.P. Nicklin. 2006. Humpback whale songs: Do they organize males during the breeding season? Behaviour 143: 1051-1101.

DHM, Inc. 1989. Hawaiian fishpond study: islands of O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Hawai'i. Prepared by DHM Planners, Inc. and Public Archaeology Section, Applied Research Group, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Honolulu: DHM Planners, Inc.

DHM, Inc. 1990. Hawaiian fishpond study: islands of Hawai'i, Maui, Lāna'i and Kaua'i. Prepared by DHM Inc., Public Archaeology Section, Applied Research Group, Bishop Museum and Moon, O'Connor, Tam & Yuen. Honolulu: DHM Planners, Inc.

DLNR-DAR (Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources). 2005. Marine protected areas in Hawai'i. DLNR-DAR. Honolulu. 14pp.Electronic document available.

DOH (Hawai'i State Department of Health). 2008. 2006 State of Hawai'i water quality monitoring and assessment report: Integrated report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Congress pursuant to sections §303(D) and §305(B), Clean Water Act (P.L. 97-117). Honolulu, HI. 279pp.Electronic document available.

Dollar, S.J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawai'i. Coral Reefs 1:71-81.

Dollar, S.J. and G.W. Tribble. 1993. Recurrent storm damage and recovery: A long-term study of coral communities in Hawai'i. Coral Reefs 12:223-233.

Dollar, S.J. and R.W. Grigg. 2003. Anthropogenic and natural stresses on coral reefs in Hawai'i: A multi-decade synthesis of impact and recovery (NODC Accession 0001063). Electronic document available.

Dollar, S.J. and R.W. Grigg. 2004. Anthropogenic and natural stresses on selected coral reefs in Hawai'i: A multidecade synthesis of impact and recovery. Pacific Science 58(2):281-304.

Donohue, M.J., R.C. Boland, C.M. Sramek, G.A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(12):1301-1312.

Dorfman, M. and N. Stoner. 2007. Testing the waters: a guide to water quality at vacation beaches. 17th edition. Natural Resources Defense Council. 377pp.Electronic document available.

Draut A.E., M.H. Bothner, M.E. Field, R.L. Reynolds, S.A. Cochran, J.B. Logan, C.D. Storlazzi, C.J. Berg. 2009. Supply and dispersal of flood sediment from a steep, tropical watershed: Hanalei Bay, Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121:574-585

Elfes, C.E., G.R. VanBlaricom, D. Boyd, J. Calambokidis, P.J. Clapham, R.W. Pearce, J. Robbins, J.C. Salinas, J.M. Straley, P.R. Wade, M.M. Krahn. 2010. Geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants levels in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding areas of the North Pacific and North Atlantic. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(4):824-834.

Field, M.E., S.A. Cochran, A. Logan, B. Joshua, C.D. Storlazzi (Eds.). 2008. The coral reef of south Moloka'i, Hawai'i; portrait of a sediment-threatened fringing reef: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5101, 180 p.Electronic document available.

Forestell, P. 1986. Assessment and verification of abundance estimates, seasonal trends, and population characteristics of the humpback whale in Hawai'i. Final Report to the Marine Mammal Commission. Contract No. MM2911014-6. 43pp.

Friedlander, A.M. (Ed.) 2004. Status of Hawai'i's coastal fisheries in the new millennium. In: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the American Fisheries Society, Hawai'i Chapter. Honolulu. 230pp.

Friedlander, A.M., G. Aeby, E. Brown, A. Clark, S. Coles, S. Dollar, C. Hunter, P. Jokiel, J. Smith, B. Walsh, I. Williams, W. Wiltse. 2005. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the main Hawaiian Islands. pp. 222-269. In: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005. Waddell, J. (Ed.). NOAA Technical Memorandum, NOS NCCOS 11. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 522pp.

Gambell, R. 1976. World whale stocks. Mammal Review 6:41-53.

GERG (Geochemical and Environmental Research Group). 2001. NOAA SPMD Study: Technical and data report. Texas A&M University, GERG Technical Rept. No. 01-021.

Glockner-Ferrari, D.A. and S.C. Venus. 1983. Identification, growth rate and behavior of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, cows and calves, in the waters off Maui, Hawai'i, 1977-79. In: Communication and Behaviour of Whales. Payne, R.S. (Ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Glockner-Ferrari, D.A. and Ferrari, M.J. 1985. Individual identification, behavior, reproduction, and distribution of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae in Hawai'i. National Technical Information Services. Report MMC-83-06. 36pp.

Gulland, F.M.D and A.J. Hall. 2007. Is marine mammal health deteriorating? Trends in the global reporting of marine mammal disease. EcoHealth 4:135-150.

HCZMP (Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management Program Office of Planning Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism). 2006. Hawai'i ocean resources management plan 2006 final report to the twenty-fourth legislature, regular session of 2007.

Herman, L.M. and R.C. Antinoja. 1977. Humpback whales in the Hawaiian breeding waters: Population and pod characteristics. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 29:59-85.

Herman, L.M. 1979. Humpback whales in Hawaiian waters: a study in historical ecology. Pacific Science 33:1-15.

Herman, L. M. and W.N. Tavolga. 1980. The communication systems of cetaceans. In: Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions. Herman, L.M. (Ed.), pp. 149-209. New York; Wiley Interscience.

Herman, L.M., P.H. Forestell, R.C. Antinoja. 1980. The 1976/1977 migration of humpback whales into Hawaiian waters: Composite description. Marine Mammal Commission Report No. MMC 77-19. Washington, D.C.

Herman, L.M., K.J.C. Goetschius, E.Y.K. Herman. 2003. Threats to humpback whales in Hawaiian waters. Part C: A summary of military activities in sanctuary waters, Shallow water training ranges. Report to the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Honolulu.

HIHWNMS (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary). 2002. Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan. 154pp. Electronic document available.

HIHWNMS and SOH (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and State of Hawai'i). 2007a. Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary accomplishments report 2002-2007. 22pp.

HIHWNMS and SOH (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and State of Hawai'i). 2007b. Assessment of additional resources for possible inclusion in the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. 58pp.

Hokama, Y. 1988. Ciguatera fish poisoning. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2(1)44-50.

Hudnall, J. 1978. A report on the general behavior of humpback whales near Hawai'i, and the need for the creation of a whale park. Oceans 11(2):8-15.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007a. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996pp.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007b. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang. Parry, M.L., O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2007. Report of the scientific committee. Annex K. report of the standing working group on environmental concerns. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Suppl.) 9:227-96.

IWC (International Whaling Commission). 2010. Report of the workshop on welfare issues associated with the entanglement of large whales. IWC/62/15, submitted by Australia, Norway and the United States, to the 62nd Meeting of the International Whaling Commission. Agadir, Morocco. Electronic document available.

Johnson, J.H. and A.A. Wolman. 1984. The humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae. Mar. Fish. Rev. 46(4):30-37.

Jokiel, P.L., E.K. Brown, A.M. Friedlander, S.K. Rodger, W.R. Smith. 2004. Hawai'i coral reef assessment and monitoring program: Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics in reef coral communities. Pacific Science 58(2):159-174.

Jokiel, P.L. 2006. Impact of storm waves and storm floods on Hawaiian reefs. In:Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 390-398.

Kamakau, S.M. 1839. Na Hana a ka Poe Kahiko the works of the people of old translated by M.K. Pukui, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication No. 61. (1976 Ed.). Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 170pp.

Kemper, C.M. and S.E. Gibbs. 2001. Dolphin interactions with tuna feedlots at Port Lincoln, South Australia and recommendations for minimizing entanglements. J. Cetacean Res. Manage 3(3)283-292.

Kira, J.C.G., L.M. Herman, A.A. Pack, Y.K. Herman. 2003. Threats to humpback whales in Hawaiian waters. Part D: Waste discharge from ships; threats and effects of pollution, and oil spills. Report to the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Honolulu.

Laist, D.W., A.R. Knowlton, J.G. Mead, A.S. Collet, M. Podesta. 2001. Collisions between ships and whales. Marine Mammal Science 17(1):35-75.

Lammers, M.O., A.A. Pack, L. Davis. 2003. Historical evidence of whale/vessel collisions in Hawaiian waters (1975 - Present). Final technical report to the NOAA Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Honolulu. 25pp.

Lee, D. and C. Olive. 1994. Size and growth potential of Hawai'i's Maritime Industry. Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sea Grant College Program.

Lehane, L. and R.J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains. International Journal of Food Microbiology 61:91-125.

Lyman, E. 2009. A preliminary investigation of gear entangling humpback whales,Megaptera novaeangliae, in the North Pacific. In: Symposium on the results of the SPLASH humpback whale study; Final report and recommendations. Calambokidis, J. (Ed.). pp 20-22.

Lyman, E. 2010. Large whale entanglement and contact reports 2009-2010 season summary Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.

Mate, B.R., R. Gisiner, J. Mobley. 1998. Local and migratory movements of Hawaiian humpback whales tracked by satellite telemetry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:863-868.

Mattila, D.K. and J. Robbins. 2008. Incidence of raised and depressed ovoid skin lesions on humpback whales of American Samoa. Report SC/60/DW3 submitted to the 60th annual meeting of the Scientific Committee.

Mitchell, C., C. Ogura, D.W. Meadows, A. Kane, L. Strommer, S. Fretz, D. Leonard, A. McClung. 2005. Hawai'i's comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources. Honolulu, Hawai'i. 722pp.Electronic document available.

Mobley J.R., G.B. Bauer, L.M. Herman. 1999. Changes over a ten-year interval in the distribution and relative abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering in Hawai'i. Aquatic Mammals 25:63-72.

Mobley J.R, S. Spitz, R. Grotefendt. 2001. Abundance of humpback whales in Hawaiian waters: Results of 1993-2000 aerial surveys. Prepared for the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and the Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i.

NMFS (NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service). 1991. Recovery Plan for the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Prepared by the Humpback Whale Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. 105pp. Electronic document available.

NMSP (NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program). 2003. Workshop report on management needs to minimize vessel collisions with whales in the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and other national marine sanctuaries. 25pp. Electronic document available.

NMSP (NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program). 2004. A monitoring framework for the national marine sanctuary system. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service. Silver Spring, MD. 22pp. Electronic document available.

O'Hara, K., N. Atkins, S. Ludicello. 1986. Marine wildlife entanglement in North America. Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D.C. 219pp.

Pack, A.A., L.M. Herman, A.S. Craig, S.S. Spitz, M.H. Deakos. 2002. Penisnextrusions by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Aquatic Mammals 28:131-146.

Pack, A.A., L.M. Herman, S.S. Spitz, S. Hakala, M.H. Deakos, E.Y.K. Herman. 2009. Male humpback whales in the Hawaiian winter grounds preferentially associate with larger females. Animal Behaviour 77:653-662.

Payne, R. and S. McVay. 1971. Songs of humpback whales. Science 173:585-597. Pooley, S.G. 1993. Hawaii's marine fisheries: some history, long-term trends, and recent developments. Marine Fisheries Review 55(2)7-19.

Read, A.J., P. Drinker, S. Northridge. 2006. Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and Global Fisheries. Conservation Biology 20(1)163-169.

Rice, D.W. 1978. The humpback whale in the North Pacific: distribution, exploitation and numbers. In: Report on a workshop on problems related to humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hawai'i. Norris, K.S. and R.R. Reeves (Eds.). Report to the Marine Mammal Commission, July 1977, Washington, DC. 21pp.

Robbins, J. and D. Mattila. 2004. Estimating humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) entanglement rates on the basis of scar evidence. Report to the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. 22pp.

Robbins, J. 2009. Entanglement scarring on North Pacific humpback whales. In: Symposium on the results of the SPLASH humpback whale study; Final report and recommendations. Calambokidis, J. (Ed.). pp18-19.

Robbins, J., S. Landry, D.K. Mattila. 2009. Estimating entanglement mortality from scar-based studies. Report SC/61/BC3 submitted to the 61st meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Madeira, Portugal.

Robbins, J. 2010. A review of the frequency and impact of entanglement on Gulf of Maine humpback whales. 2010. IWC/A10/E3.

Roman, J. and S.R. Palumbi. 2003. Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic. Science 301:508-10.

Shomura, R. 1987. Hawai'i's marine fisheries resources: yesterday (1900) and today (1986). US NMFS-SWFC/HL. Admin. H-87-21. 14pp.

Simmonds, M. 2009. Report of the workshop on cetaceans and climate change. SC/61/Rep4 submitted to the 61st annual meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission. Madeira, Portugal.

Smith J.E., J.W. Runcie, C.M. Smith. 2005. Characterization of a large scale ephemeral bloom of the green alga Cladophora sericea on the coral reefs of West Maui, Hawai'i. Marine Ecology Progress Series 302:77-91

Smultea, M.A. 1994. Segregation by humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) cows with a calf in coastal habitat near the island of Hawai'i. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:805-811.

Spitz, S.S., L.M. Herman, A.A. Pack, M.H. Deakos. 2002. The relation of body size of male humpback whales to their social roles on the Hawaiian winter grounds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(11):1938-1947.

Titcomb, M. 1972. Native use of fish in Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.

Tyack, P. 1989. Let's have less public relations and more ecology. Oceanus 32(1):103-108.

Van Tilburg, H. 2003. U.S. Navy shipwrecks in Hawaiian waters: an inventory of submerged naval properties. Report to Naval Historical Center. 416pp.

Volgenau, L., S.D. Kraus, J. Lien. 1995. The impact of entanglements on two substocks of the western North Atlantic humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73(9):1689-1698.

Wiley, D. N., R.A. Asmutis, T.D. Pitchford, D.P. Gannon. 1995. Stranding and mortality of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the mid-Atlantic and southeast United States, 1985-1992. Fishery Bulletin 93:196-205.

Wilkinson, C. (Ed.). 2004 Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004 (vols 1 and 2). Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland. Electronic document available.

Wolanski, E., J.A. Martinez, R.H. Richmond RH. 2009. Quantifying the impact of urbanization on a coral reef: Maunalua Bay, Hawai'i.

Wursig, B. and G.A. Gailey. 2002. Marine mammals and aquaculture: Conflicts and potential resolutions. pp. 45-59. In: Responsible Marine Aquaculture. Stickney, R.R. and J.P. McVey (Eds.), CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK.

Yablokov, A.V. 1994. Validity of whaling data. Nature 367:108.

Additional Resources

Bishop Museum

Cascadia Research Collective

Coral Reef Monitoring Data Portal

Endangered Species Act

Grays Harbor Ocean Energy Company

Hawai'i Coral Reef Initiative Research Program

Hawai'i Department of Health

Hawai'i Department of Transportation, Harbors Division

Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology

Hawai'i Undersea Research Laboratory

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary

Interisland Wind

International Whaling Commission

Marine Conservation Biology Institute

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Marine Option Program at the University of Hawai'i

Marine Protected Areas of the United States

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

National Marine Sanctuaries Act

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Park Service

National Park Service Submerged Resources Center

Naval Historical Center

NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program

NOAA Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS)

NOAA Fisheries Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program

NOAA Hawai'i Undersea Research Laboratory

NOAA Marine Debris Program

NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center

Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies

State of Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources

State of Hawai'i

State of Hawai'i's Department of Land and Natural Resources

Structures of Population, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpback Whales (SPLASH project)

The Dolphin Institute

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Listing of Fish Advisories

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geological Survey

United States Coast Guard

University of Hawai'i

University of Hawai'i School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (UH SOEST)

UH SOEST Main Hawaiian Islands Multibeam Synthesis

Western Pacific Fishery Management Council

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution