Celebrate 50 Years of Spectacular National Marine Sanctuaries!

By: Rachel Plunkett


November 2021

Nearly fifty years ago, a new era of ocean conservation was born by creating a system of national marine sanctuaries. Since then, the National Marine Sanctuary System has grown into a nationwide network of 15 national marine sanctuaries and two marine national monuments that conserve more than 620,000 square miles of spectacular ocean and Great Lakes waters, an area nearly the size of Alaska. With the 50th anniversary of your National Marine Sanctuary System on the horizon, this is a perfect time to reflect on the accomplishments that have made NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries a global leader in ocean conservation and maritime heritage preservation, while looking towards the future with great optimism.

In March of 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established, and Americans were introduced to the idea of setting aside special places for the enjoyment and pleasure of the people—sparking a world-wide movement. The creation of modern parks became a powerful tool for the conservation and protection of valuable places. As more and more terrestrial places were set aside for protection, so too were national seashores and wild and scenic rivers. Eventually came the realization that protection doesn’t have to end at the shoreline. Flash forward to 1972—President Richard Nixon signed the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, and three years later, the underwater resting place of the shipwrecked Civil War ironclad USS Monitor became the first national marine sanctuary in the United States.

a yellow sign that says visit your national parks in 1966, 50th anniversary
The 50th anniversary of the National Marine Sanctuary System will take place 56 years after the 50th Anniversary of the National Park Service, which was established on August 25, 1916. Photo: National Park Service
a black and white photo of people in business attire standing around a man signing a document
Surrounded by the incoming leaders of the new agency, Department of Commerce Secretary Maurice H. Stans signs orders creating the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1970. Image: NOAA

Growth and Global Leadership

a person standing behind a table with flyers and brochures talking to another person on the other side of the table
Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary superintendent Billy Causey answers questions for a member of the public at an event in the late 1980s. Image: NOAA

From 1975 to 2000, 13 national marine sanctuaries were designated within the U.S., with the 1990s being the most active decade for new sanctuary designations. Stellwagen Bank, Flower Garden Banks, Monterey Bay, and Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale national marine sanctuaries were all established in 1992, followed by Olympic Coast in 1994. It wasn’t until the reauthorization of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) in 2000 that the disparate collection of underwater parks of all different sizes, shapes, and purposes scattered across the U.S. formally became known as a system—the National Marine Sanctuary System—as we refer to it today. In 2001, the program that managed these places, the National Marine Sanctuary Program, was elevated from a division to an independent office within NOAA, with its own budget and resources. This is how we became known as NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries! This restructuring opened the door to building increased operational capacity and infrastructure, the creation of new education, outreach, and science programs, and a more formal approach to managing the system for better results.

Each national marine sanctuary and marine national monument within the system has a unique history and purpose. These special places all across the United States were put in place to protect important natural, cultural, and historic resources, while also allowing compatible uses in responsible ways that have a low impact on the environment. “Over the years, NOAA has mapped, surveyed, monitored, and evaluated changes in the health of resources within these underwater parks, and used this information to make smarter management decisions,” said John Armor, director of NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. “This approach has made us a global leader in the conservation of natural and cultural underwater resources.”

people on a research vessel observe samples
Researchers observe trawl and sediment samples collected during the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary in 1998. Photo: NOAA
people gathering in a discussion in front of a building
Trainers from the National MPA Center consult with Korean colleagues at a training in South Korea in 2017. Image: NOAA

This global leadership role was first demonstrated in 1986, when the sanctuary program hosted the first international meeting of marine protected area managers in the sanctuaries in Florida and California.

International collaboration was further strengthened when in 2013, the National Marine Protected Area (MPA) Center was integrated into NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, connecting the system of sanctuaries with the larger network of MPAs throughout the nation. The MPA Center leads international partnerships, working with marine managers around the world to protect shared resources and address common challenges, such as the whales of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary that migrate to the warm waters of the Caribbean to calve and raise their young.

Science and Maritime Heritage

a cartoon drawing that says seagrass 27 percent, topical corals 70 percent, mangroves 18 percent, deep sea corals 48 percent
Percentages represent the proportion of mapped habitats within U.S. waters that are protected within the National Marine Sanctuary System. Seagrass and mangrove data from CEC North America Blue Carbon 2021; Tropical coral data from UNEP-WCMC World Fish Centre, WRI, TNC (2021); Deep sea coral data from NOAA Deep Sea Coral Database (2021).

From lush seagrass beds to slow-growing, deep-sea corals, the habitats protected by sanctuary waters vary greatly from place to place. Due to threats such as climate change, pollution, and increasing population growth in coastal areas, effective management is necessary to keep these fragile ecosystems protected for future generations. Since sanctuaries serve as sentinel sites where the impacts of ocean acidification and climate change can be studied over time, sanctuary researchers have also been monitoring ocean conditions and assessing the impacts of a changing climate on ecosystems and coastal communities.

closeup image of seagrass
Submerged flowering plants, known as seagrasses, thrive in shallow bays, estuaries, and coastal waters, providing food and shelter for marine life in places such as Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Photo: Rachel Plunkett/NOAA
a pink deep sea coral
Deep-sea corals, such as this bubblegum coral in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, can be found throughout the ocean from about 130 feet to 10,000 feet deep, and provide habitat for invertebrates and fish, including many that are economically valuable. Photo: OET/NOAA

Many sites serve as a proving ground for new approaches to restoring and managing marine ecosystems in the face of climate change and other threats. Mission Iconic Reefs, a massive collaborative effort to restore almost three million square feet of reef at seven iconic sites within Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary to a sustainable state is currently underway, and in California, Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and the Greater Farallones Association are implementing strategies for kelp forest restoration, monitoring, research, and public engagement.

National marine sanctuaries are also great places to research and test approaches for mitigating human impacts on wildlife. Since 2007, NOAA has worked to better understand how ship strikes impact endangered whale populations in national marine sanctuaries on the West Coast. This information was used to create the Blue Whales and Blue Skies initiative, where they worked with major shipping companies who voluntarily reduced their vessel speeds in key areas to 10 knots or less. The 2020 vessel speed reduction program resulted in cutting over 700 tons of smog-forming emissions, and a 35% decrease in ship strike risk.

With some major advancements in technology, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and benthic mapping, our ability to explore deep-sea habitats and make new discoveries in deep-ocean science has increased dramatically. Vailulu‘u Seamount in National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa, was discovered in 1975, but it wasn’t until 1999 that researchers were actually able to map this seafloor feature using remote sonar methods, and found it to reach 16,000 feet deep and summit at about 2,000 feet deep. In 2005, NOAA Ocean Exploration conducted ROV dives there and found there was a very dynamic and robust hydrothermal system, providing habitat to an array of deep-sea organisms. In 2012, the sanctuary expanded to include Vailulu’u Seamount (and other important sites). Since then, more expeditions were made to the seamount using ROVs to explore geologic features and marine biodiversity, including an expedition on Ocean Exploration Trust’s E/V Nautilus in July 2019 when a new hydrothermal vent was discovered, signifying that Vailulu’u is still active.

several small eels in a deep dark ocean environment
Swarms of small cutthroat eels live in the crevices on the summit of Nafanua at Vailulu‘u Seamount in National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa. Scientists dubbed this site "Eel City." Photo: NOAA Ocean Exploration
a remotely operated vehicle being lowered into the water from a vessel
ROV Hela is lowered into the water to begin an inspection of the Portland shipwreck in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Photo: Anne Smrcina/NOAA

In addition to protecting natural resources, national marine sanctuaries also protect cultural resources such as shipwrecks and heritage artifacts and locations. Currently there are 1,211 known shipwrecks protected throughout the sanctuary system, with thousands still waiting to be discovered in these waters. The program focuses on several key research areas, such as maritime history, site inventory and assessment, and maritime cultural landscapes.

Putting Sanctuaries on the Map

National marine sanctuaries and monuments are often thought of as the national parks of the ocean. One major difference, however, is these places do not have roadways that lead to entrance gates with a ticket booth like most national parks do. So how do we inspire people across America to get into their sanctuaries? How do we make sure people know that the waters they enjoy boating, fishing, surfing, diving, and wildlife viewing in are part of a protected national treasure? We do this through strategic communications, education and outreach programs, and by working with hundreds of public and private partners on the federal, state, regional, and local levels. Thanks to the goals laid out in the 2000 reauthorization of the NMSA, there was a major shift in focus towards enhancing public awareness. This was the catalyst that led to some of our most successful education and outreach programs today, such as the Ocean Guardian School program, LiMPETS, the Bay Watershed Education and Training program (B-WET), and the Sanctuaries Webinar Series. Additionally, over 44 million people attend our visitor centers and those of our partners in the zoo and museum community annually.

two children on a beach writing down information on a clipboard
Ocean Guardian School program students clean up a beach in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Photo: Nick Zachar/NOAA
a person surfing a big wave
Known as “Pipeline,” this iconic break on O’ahu’s North Shore draws world-class surfers every winter with its towering swells and picture-perfect barrels. Photo: Walker Langley

Our media impressions have grown from 175 million in 2005 to 3.8 billion in 2020, through major outlets such as Associated Press, Reuters, USA Today, New York Times, National Geographic, CNN, FOX, and more; as well as regional and local news outlets. In the age of social media, our ability to reach wider, more diverse audiences has expanded, and in 2014 we launched Get Into Your Sanctuary Weekend and introduced our Earth is Blue social media campaign, and shortly after, the yearly Earth is Blue magazine. We also invite people of all ages to explore the ocean alongside scientists virtually through Sanctuaries Live, with real-time underwater video and communication feeds from scientists aboard research vessels in national marine sanctuaries. With advancements in technology such as 360 degree photo and video, we launched Sanctuaries 360 in the summer of 2020. These interactive images, videos, and accompanying lesson plans have brought the stunning scenery, habitats, wildlife, and scientific research to life for millions of people during a time of quarantine and great uncertainty.

a schematic showing how at-sea telepresence works.
NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer uses telepresence technology to transmit data in real time to a shore-based hub where the video is then transmitted to a number of Exploration Command Centers located around the country as well as to any Internet-enabled device. Scientists are able to join the operation in real-time from shore, and the general public can follow the expedition online. Photo: NOAA Ocean Exploration
a sea lion and the words national marine sanctuaries 360
The Sanctuaries 360 series offers people across the globe an opportunity to dive into national marine sanctuaries virtually, without ever getting wet. 360 degree videos and lesson plans have been created for Channel Islands, Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale, Thunder Bay, and Florida Keys national marine sanctuaries, and the recently proposed sanctuary in Lake Ontario, with more on the way! Photo: NOAA

One of our most valuable assets in generating public interest in conserving and recreating in national marine sanctuaries is our partnerships, which are formed at every level of the system— ranging from other government agencies and non-governmental organizations, to schools, businesses, and aquariums. We had over 700 partners in 2017, an increase of 43% since the last partnership census was completed in 2004.

The Sanctuary System Business Advisory Council, founded in 2013, brings together experts on key sectors, projects, or issues to provide advice and recommendations to the director related to the management and conservation of sanctuary resources. Businesses located in and near sanctuary communities play important roles in the protection of marine resources by promoting sustainable use and responsible recreation and tourism, and helping to raise public awareness about research and conservation efforts.

A Model for Public Involvement

aerial image of people gatherin in a park
The community gathers at a park to celebrate the designation of Mallows Bay-Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary. Image: Matt McIntosh/NOAA

Your National Marine Sanctuary System serves as a model for community involvement in the protection and management of public resources. The 1992 reauthorization of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act was a significant overhaul of the act, which included giving the program independent authority to establish a Sanctuary Advisory Council at each site within the system. Sanctuary Advisory Council members represent a broad cross-section of the communities adjacent to national marine sanctuaries, and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, and represent local interests such as conservation, education, research, fishing, wildlife watching, diving and other recreational activities, boating and shipping, tourism, harbors and ports, maritime business, agriculture, maritime heritage, and Indigenous cultures.

The people who live and work in the communities surrounding national marine sanctuaries care deeply about these places. Sanctuaries have always been tightly woven to the local communities around them, but perhaps the most significant change to the system came in 2014, when the new Sanctuary Nomination Process was implemented, leading to a community-driven process for deciding which special underwater places should be considered for sanctuary designation. Shortly after, nominations for new sanctuaries came from members of communities from all across the country. Nominations that successfully complete the process are added to an inventory of areas NOAA could consider for designation, which then undergo an extensive scoping, proposal, public review, and designation process. It was through this new process that Mallows Bay-Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary officially became designated in 2016, followed by Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary in 2021.

national marine Sanctuary system map
National Marine Sanctuary System Map

The National Marine Sanctuary System will surely continue to grow. As communities around the country recommend new areas for protection, we are responding. Currently, there are five nominated sanctuaries in the inventory being considered by NOAA for designation, including Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary in California. The proposed Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary is currently in the process of designation, and the public was recently invited to submit comments on the draft management plan. In addition to adding new sanctuaries to the system, several sanctuaries have seen boundary expansions over the years, such as Thunder Bay, Cordell Bank, and Greater Farallones national marine sanctuaries in 2015, and Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in January 2021. Monitor National Marine Sanctuary was also proposed for expansion in 2016 to protect the final resting place for nearly 1,700 men lost in World War II during the Battle of The Atlantic.

The 2021 National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) review concluded that despite the small staff size and modest budget of the National Marine Sanctuary System, it has fulfilled its promise by successfully advancing its mission and vision; has developed a trusted reputation with the marine community; and has achieved positive outcomes for its communities. Keeping our core values in mind as we look toward the future, we fully embrace our responsibility to save these spectacular places and ensure the National Marine Sanctuary System remains a source of pride and enjoyment for people across the nation.

Learn more about the history of your National Marine Sanctuary System.

Rachel Plunkett is the writer/editor for NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries